What was the central theme of Native American movements in the early 20th century?

In the early 20th century, Native American movements increasingly focused on civil rights and the preservation of their cultures. This period saw a burgeoning awareness among Native Americans regarding the need for recognition of their rights and identities in the face of ongoing assimilation pressures from mainstream American society. Activists aimed to address social injustices, assert their rights as citizens, and ensure the survival of their languages, religions, and cultural practices.

Organizations like the Society of American Indians, founded in 1911, played a critical role in promoting these aims and sought to unite various tribes in advocating for legislative changes. In addition to civil rights, there was a strong emphasis on cultural renaissance and reaffirming Native identities, as many Indigenous peoples faced marginalization and a loss of their cultural heritage due to decades of federal policies aimed at assimilation.

The focus on civil rights and cultural preservation was particularly significant as it laid the groundwork for future advocacy and activism, such as the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and later civil rights movements of the 1960s and 1970s, which sought to rectify injustices faced by Native Americans and empower their communities.